Hormones, Halflife, and Hidden Variables: How the Menstrual Cycle Reshapes Caffeine's Effects
Caffeine metabolism is not a fixed biological constant — in individuals with menstrual cycles, it shifts measurably across four distinct hormonal phases, altering everything from how quickly caffeine is cleared to how intensely adenosine receptors respond to its presence. Despite this, virtually all performance nutrition guidance treats caffeine dosing as a gender-neutral, cycle-independent variable. The science suggests otherwise.